fetal alcohol syndrome :: essays research papers

Fetal alcohol SyndromeWhat is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)? FAS is the leading cause of mental retardation in the U.S. today. FAS affects approximately 1 in every vitamin D born in North America. Mothers drinking alcoholic beverages during pregnancy causes FAS. FAS is characterized by Smaller heads Deformed facial features (small widely spaced eyes, growing jaw, thin upper lip, and before long upturned nose). Abnormal joints and limbs- these include deformities of the small joints of the hands as well as an incomplete rotation at the elbow. paltry coordination Problems with learning- difficulty sequencing, difficulty understanding cause and effect, and weak generalizing skills. Short memories Medical problems- vision problems, hearing problems, epilepsy, renal failure, heart failure, and death. Inappropriate behavior- poor impulse escort and poor judgement.How FAS Affects Functioning In SchoolBeginning with infancy, the children deplete problems at feeding and are highly irrita ble. They also exhibit unpredictable sleeping and take patterns, which make it hard for the baby to be cared for and for maternal bonding to occur. During development, both physical and mental, FAS children have very fine and poor motor coordination skills and it becomes very likely at the preschool age. They also are very affectionate but at the same time very hyperactive, which makes it a problem for the teachers who have them in rank to deal with. This is why they are, during the first few years of school, given the diagnoses of having attending-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) this diagnoses is given because of there high activity level, short attention span, and poor short term memory. Many of these children require special education help regardless of the fact that their IQ falls between the normal range. Their hyperactivity calls for them to receive special attention that normal teachers cannot and at most times will not give them. As FAS children grow into FAS adult s, their level of development and how they developed begins to show in everything they do. Since their neighborly and mental health has been compromised as adults they exhibit inadequate communication skills, impulsivity, poor judgement, trouble with abstract thinking, and limited problem solving skills. With all these problems they often have difficulty holding down a job because of their unreliability, lack of social skills, and functional illiteracy. Without appropriate support services, these individuals have a high risk of developing secondary disabilities such as mental illness, getting into trouble with the law, abusing alcohol and other drugs, and unwanted pregnancies.

Pre-history :: essays research papers

Pre-HistoryAnthropologists Anthropologists study the skeletal remains of prehistoric life. Two examples of famousanthropologists are Mary Leaky and Donald Johanson. Donald Johanson was the anthropologist who discovered Lucy. Lucyis the first known sign of humanity. The technical name for Lucy isAustralopithecus. The odd thing about Lucy is that she was both modern and pre-historic, having armslonger that her legs, and being bipedal was a strange combination for a creature said to be three millionyears old. Anthropologists study all over the world, but Lucy was found in Africa.Radiocarbon Dating Radio Carbon dating is a dating method in which the amount of carbon14 in anobject is measured. The bodies carbons start to decay at death so they measure how old something is bymeasuring its amount of carbon. There are two major problems with this method though. 1) Thespecimen heap only date back about 100,000 years. 2) If the original amount of carbon was distorted forany reason that will mess up the date given. For those reasons scientists unquestionable other methods thathelp date things more accurately. These methods include the stardust theory and the river delta theory.Ice Age Glaciers large, slowly moving masses of snow and ice. Each of the four refrigerating weather periodslasted from 10,000 to 50,000 years ago. The Ice Age. Scientists believe that the age we live in startedafter the 4th period Ice Age sone25,000 years ago. Today 1/2 the earth is covered in ice. During thethird period 1/3 of the world was covered in ice. The ice age made animals either migrate or disappearentirely. (Saber Tooth Tiger, Woolly Mammoth) It also shaped the continents we live on today. Therewere also land bridges in the Ice age.paleolithic Age Paleolithic means old stone we called it the stone age. 1974 Ethiopia Donald Johansona well known anthropologist discovered female skeletal remains that might cast off been as old as 3 millionyears. Cro-Magnon People When neanders disappe ared cros appeared in Europe. Better tools and weaponswere made, the 1st spear and paintings were made in this age.

Ticonderoga and Crown Point :: essays research papers

The immediate object of theattack on the British Forts at Ticonderoga and Crown evinceon May 10 and 11, 1775 was first to capture the fortsthemselves, but also to obtain a cannon and supplies to usefor the impending seige of Boston. Washington, whoassumed command of the American sop ups on July 2, 1775,could not attempt this attack without heavy artillery, whichwas procured by Colonel Ethan Allen, Colonel BenedictArnold and Colonel Seth Warner with Vermonts Green survey Boys. Green Mountain Boys, was the name of agroup of soldiers from Vermont led by Allen, Warner andArnold. They took their name from the Green Mountains inVermont. The Green Mountain Boys were originallyorganized by Ethan Allen before the revolution to protest theclaims of the parvenu York govern manpowert to Vermont territory,and were later joined by Seth Warner and Benedict Arnold.Seth Warner, was born in Connecticut and later moved toVermont, where he was declared an illegalize in 1771 forforcibly resisting a New York claim to the area, and had areward offered for his capture. Under Ethan Allen andBenedict Arnold, he participated in the seizure of FortTiconderoga and led the force that took Crown Point thenext day. Later that year, he was elected lieutenant-colonelcommandant of the Green Mountain Boys. Ethan Allen wasalso born Connecticut, moving to Vermont in 1769. Hebecame affect in the struggle between New York andNew Hampshire for control of the region, just like Allenwas. The New York authorities rejected an appeal that theregion be found as a separate province, and Allenorganized a volunteer militia, called the Green MountainBoys, to resist the New York cause. Volunteers were raisedby the Committee of Correspondence. They recruited fiftymen and three hundred pounds to set up the GreenMountain Boys. Allen too, was declared an outlaw by thegovernor of New York. At the outbreak of the Revolution,Allen and The Green Mountain Boys offered to fight againstthe British. Arnold was born i n Connecticut and enlisted inthe militia during the French and Indian War. Later, as amilitia colonel, Arnold joined with Allen and The GreenMountain Boys to call in Fort Ticonderoga .

The Alliance Between China and the Soviet Union Essay -- History, Sin

The alliance between the Peoples Republic of mainland China (PRC) and the Soviet Union was create as a result of mutual interests and the desire of both states to pursue their respective national and geopolitical imperatives. Although Chinese historical experience and Marxist political theory played a role in constructing these interests, the actions of the Chinese Community Party (CCP) reflect an overarching proclivity toward solidifying their power and securing the nascent republic. This essay will canvass the multifarious factors that influenced the Soviet alliance, including relations between the PRC, United States (US) and Soviet Union in addition to PRC foreign policy and its strategic objectives.Historical conceptions of Chinas culture and global position shaped the PRCs perspective. Central to this is Sino-centrism and its edict from heaven for dynastic China to spread civilisation (Xinning 2001 70). empurpled Chinas tribute system represented a Pax Sinica and the physica l manifestation of Sino-centrism, with its success affirming Chinese cultural superiority (Y. Zhang 2001 52). Instructive in this is Sino-centrisms similarity to, and conflict with American Manifest Destiny, itself an articulation that Anglo-Saxon Americans are Gods chosen people, with a superior culture and who are pre-ordained to spread civilisation to inferior peoples (Hollander 2009 169). The PRCs nationalism can be seen in part as a rejection of this competing airy mandate, linking Chinas decline to foreign intervention and the acceding to unequal treaties that saw the loss of peripheral territories considered intrinsic to historic China (Kissinger 2011 112). In this way, the PRCs formation as a modern nation state is the recrudescence of Sino-... ... bloc (Goldstein 1995 50). Hence, in allying with the Soviets the PRC were able to ameliorate the core issues that posed an existential threat to their republic.It is difficult to conclude anything other than that the alliance b etween the PRC and the Soviet Union was chiefly born out of necessity. Certainly, the common ideology and revolutionary reputation of the CCP allowed for a collective understanding that sometimes amalgamated into shared objectives. Even so, PRC actions suggest an appeasement rather than a genuine alignment with the Soviet Union. Accordingly, Beijing and Moscow appear reluctant allies, with a hint of the Prisoners Dilemma to their alliance each, though particularly the PRC, facing deleterious consequences by pursuing an independent path.In cooperating, the PRC were able to build their state and counterbalancing the perceived US threat.

Atmospheres Unlimited in Macbeth :: Macbeth essays

Atmospheres Unlimited in Macbeth Shakespeare becomes a master of diverse atmospheres in his tragedy Macbeth. We shall judge closely the changing, more forcefully developing atmospheres here. In his book, On the Design of Shakespearean Tragedy, H. S. Wilson explains why the atmosphere is so important in Macbeth Macbeth is a sport in which the poetic atmosphere is very important so important, indeed, that some recent commentators give the impression that this atmosphere, as created by the imagery of the play, is its determining quality. For those who collapse most attention to these powerful atmospheric suggestions, this is doubtless true. Mr. Kenneth Muir, in his introduction to the play - which does not, by the way, interpret it simply from this point of view - aptly describes the additive effect of the imagery The contrast between light and darkness is part of a general antithesis between good and evil, devils and angels, evil and grace, hell and heaven . . . and the infir mity images of IV, iii and in the last act clearly reflect both the evil which is a disease, and Macbeth himself who is the disease from which his country suffers.(67-68) L.C. Knights in the essay Macbeth mentions equivocation, unreality and unnaturalness in the play - contributors to an atmosphere that may not be very realistic The equivocal nature of temptation, the commerce with phantoms consequent upon false choice, the resulting sense of unreality ( zilch is, but what is not), which has yet such power to smother vital function, the unnaturalness of evil (against the use of nature), and the relation between disintegration in the item-by-item (my single state of man) and disorder in the larger social organism - all these are major themes of the play which are mirrored in the speech under consideration. (94) Charles Lamb in On the Tragedies of Shakespeare comments on the atmosphere surrounding the play The state of sublime emotion into which we are elevated by those images of night and horror which Macbeth is made to utter, that solemn prelude with which he entertains the time till the bell shall strike which is to call him to murder Duncan, - when we no longer show it in a book, when we have given up that vantage-ground of abstraction which reading possesses over seing, and come to see a man in his bodily trope before our eyes actually preparing to commit a muder, if the acting be true and impressive as I have witnessed it in Mr.

Atmospheres Unlimited in Macbeth :: Macbeth essays

Atmospheres Unlimited in Macbeth Shakespeare becomes a master of diverse atmospheres in his tragedy Macbeth. We shall come across closely the changing, more forcefully developing atmospheres here. In his book, On the Design of Shakespearean Tragedy, H. S. Wilson explains why the atmosphere is so important in Macbeth Macbeth is a shoo-in in which the poetic atmosphere is very important so important, indeed, that some recent commentators give the impression that this atmosphere, as created by the imagery of the play, is its determining quality. For those who chip in most attention to these powerful atmospheric suggestions, this is doubtless true. Mr. Kenneth Muir, in his introduction to the play - which does not, by the way, interpret it simply from this point of view - aptly describes the accumulative effect of the imagery The contrast between light and darkness is part of a general antithesis between good and evil, devils and angels, evil and grace, hell and heaven . . . and the indisposition images of IV, iii and in the last act clearly reflect both the evil which is a disease, and Macbeth himself who is the disease from which his country suffers.(67-68) L.C. Knights in the essay Macbeth mentions equivocation, unreality and unnaturalness in the play - contributors to an atmosphere that may not be very realistic The equivocal nature of temptation, the commerce with phantoms consequent upon false choice, the resulting sense of unreality ( null is, but what is not), which has yet such power to smother vital function, the unnaturalness of evil (against the use of nature), and the relation between disintegration in the unmarried (my single state of man) and disorder in the larger social organism - all these are major themes of the play which are mirrored in the speech under consideration. (94) Charles Lamb in On the Tragedies of Shakespeare comments on the atmosphere surrounding the play The state of sublime emotion into which we are elevated by those images of night and horror which Macbeth is made to utter, that solemn prelude with which he entertains the time till the bell shall strike which is to call him to murder Duncan, - when we no longer sound out it in a book, when we have given up that vantage-ground of abstraction which reading possesses over seing, and come to see a man in his bodily manakin before our eyes actually preparing to commit a muder, if the acting be true and impressive as I have witnessed it in Mr.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Entertainment Essay

Present day recreations atomic number 18 either good or unskilled or ugly. Advantages good mavins with pure fun, frolic, knowledge distribution through various media keep us in good moods, healthy thoughts and entertained. Bad ones crowd out be ignored by matured audience or readers but nonetheless, they leave a bad impression on our minds. The ugly ones are those that border on vulgarism the likes of hard core filth entertainments, horror movies or badly worded books or comics. Disadvantages All the above will be of great disadvantage if any form of entertainment is non employ moderately and on a selective basis by those who seek fun and laughter. Any kind of entertainment, good or bad, will be bad for children who get addicted to any kind of habit, take couch potatoes and finally end up with obesity, lack of interest in studies and finally become a burden to the society.Portable entertainment whatchamacallits, such as Mp3 or DVD-players, which allow people to listen to m usic or watch films, are now commonplace. What do you think are the main advantages anddisadvantages of this development?Nowadays, products of hi-tech like a Mp3 or DVD-players become to be parts of the humans life. In my opinion, these technologies corroborate merits and demerits. people utilization these modern techniques e precisewhere and any time because they are portable, compact and may contain a lot of info compared with diskets or tape recording. For example, we jackpot take Mp3 or DVD-players with us during the travelling or going to somewhere. And these devices dont claim more place than oldest.More over, we are able to record non only music or movies, but also educational programmes. These type of technologies have some opportunities. For instance, it potentiometer work without electricity and it is easy to handle. Besides, they have supernumerary devices earphones in order not to distract other people. On the other hand, Mp3 or DVD-players have some drawbacks. I mean, they cause sometimes incidents (stray off the environmental around). As an example, while crossing the street or driving transport facilities, which even be reason for an accident. To sum up, I agree that today Mp3 or DVD-players play a great role in humans life. And these easy movable techniques have both advantages and disadvantages. However, I think that there are more merits than demerits.Nowadays, hi-tech products such as Mp3 or DVD-players have become a part of the human life. In my opinion, these technologies have merits and demerits. People can use these modern techniques everywhere and at any time because they are portable, compact and contain a lot of information compared to older versions such as diskets or tape recorders. For example, we can take Mp3 or DVD-players with us while travelling . And these devices dont require much space as required by older portable entertainment devices.On the other hand, Mp3 and DVD-players have some drawbacks. , they sometimes cau se incidents (stray off the environmental around). For example, while crossing the street or driving transport facilities, what can be reason for an accident. To sum up, I agree that today Mp3 or DVD-players play a great role in human life. And these easy movable techniques have both advantages and disadvantages. However, I think that there are more merits than demerits (give an evidence)Nowadays, hi-tech products like Mp3 players or DVD-players have become common parts of human life. I made some changes. I also made it so that human is use as an adjective. It is not wrong the way you did it, but this change makes it sound nicer.You can always just say going somewhere and not going to somewhere. For example, we can take Mp3 or DVD-players with us during the travelling or going somewhere.As an example, while crossing the street or driving, these products may even become the causes of an accident.The Advantages and Disadvantages of lucre In the history of mankind, the Internet is t he greatest development in the domain of communication industry. Similar to each and every invention, the Internet carries a number of advantages and disadvantages. Nevertheless, the advantages of the Internet are so huge in number that they outperform the disadvantages quite easily.What is Internet?According to the definition provided by Oxford dictionary, the Internet is an arrangement of connected computers, which lets the computer users all over the globe exchange data. At the present time, approximately 33% of the world population has accessibility to the Internet. The Internet is an extraordinary entertainment and learning tool that may be utilized in a number of modes to increase the ability of a user to collect information. The principal components of the Internet are the World gigantic Web (WWW) and e-mail. With the passage of time, the Internet has become the most effective headache tool in the contemporary world. It can be described as a global meeting place where people from every corner of the world can come simultaneously.The advantages of InternetFollowing are the advantages provided by the Internet 1) data The biggest benefit offered by the Internet is information. It functions as a valuable resource of information. You can find any type of information on any work with the help of the search engines like Yahoo and Google. 2) Communication The primary goal of the Internet is communication. It has done extremely well in this field, however the development functioning is still going on to make it more dependable and quick. By sending an e-mail, we can contact a person who is physically present megabyte miles away within the fraction of a seconds time. 3) Entertainment Internet functions as a popular medium of entertainment. A wide figure of entertainment including video games, music, movies, chat means, news and others can be accessed through the Internet.4) E-commerce E-commerce is the idea that is implemented for any form of commercial st rategy or business transactions that entails transmission of data from one corner of the world to another. E-commerce has become a fantastic option through which you can shop anything. 5) Formation of communities Internet helps in formation of communities or forums. Here a number of people can participate in different types of debates and discussions, express their views and gather valuable knowledge. 6) run A variety of services are offered via Internet, for example job searching, online banking, buying movie tickets, hotel reservations and consultation services etc. When you avail these services offline, they become more expensive. The disadvantages of InternetFollowing are the disadvantages of Internet 1) Spamming Spamming denotes distribution of unsolicited e-mails in large numbers. They are meaningless and they unnecessarily block the whole system. These activities are set as illegal. 2) Theft of personal details While using the Internet, there is high probability that your p ersonal details like name, address and credit add-in number may be accessed by con artists and used for fraudulent purposes. 3) Pornography Pornography is definitely harmful for your children. There are numerous adult sites unattached over the Internet and watching any of those can have very bad influence on the mental health of your children. 4) Virus affright Virus is a program that interrupts the usual operation of your personal computer system. PCs linked to the Internet have high probability of virus attacks and as a result of this your hard disk can crash, giving you a lot of trouble.Advantages and Disadvantages of Entertainment Units Entertainment devices are usually used in a fashion and they are big pieces of furniture, a TV, DVD player, game console, DVD and so on will stop. You need entertainment systems and keep them out of sight when not in use. For example, if you watch TV you must open the doors on the front panel. If you update your living room or TV room, consi der buying a drag entertainment device. To help you decide, here are some of the advantages and disadvantages of this type of element. Pro there are so many different kinds of entertainment devices that have no trouble finding someone to be the style or theme of your room to be adjusted.For example, if you are looking for a modern purport a single, high-gloss black or gloss white, clean and tidy appearance. Con if you do not have much space in your living room furniture of this type can not be a good choice. Most entertainment units are quite large because they are intended, shelves, drawers, etc.. Although this represents a portentous premium for many people a disadvantage when space is tight in your home. It is possible, but this kind of unity, which is slightly less to find, so if you have your eye set on a not abandon your search Pro modern furniture, as it is more and more popular with people who want a clear look into her room to create. When televisions and other electr ical equipment, as well as DVDs, etc. are just entertainment devices away for a very good choice for those who do not like the messy look, which sometimes can make these objects are stored. By the way, closed its doors a device like this and have a high quality furniture, instead of TV stands, DVD racks and boxes of toys is a definite plus point.Con it could be difficult for a device like this that come in a finish other than wood to get. For example, a glass, if youre a fan of devices that you will not find one suitable. This is because these devices are designed to keep objects out of sight when not in use, and if any part of them were destroyed by the glass, this effect will be. As you can see there are various pros and cons of entertainment devices. But the drawbacks of these products are really on their size and the materials from which they were instead based their functionality or design. These devices are a good choice for anyone who wants their TV, DVD player, game console , etc. out of sight when not in useAdvantages and disadvantages of entertainment online There are plenty of options available for entertainment online, particularly due to the onset of internet and the fast speeds which keep increasing these days. While it is reasonable for parents to be concerned about some aspects of this entertainment online, it is important to note that the internet offers plenty of choices that are both useful and knowledgeable for kids both young and old. For instance, toddlers can enjoy music and pictures online.However, for older kids, agnatic control is obviously always advised to limit the entertainment online to those selections which are appropriate for the kids ages. Like everything else, entertainment online has both advantages and disadvantages. The goal of all parents and guardians must be to use it for educational and appropriate entertainment purposes and have some control on the sites that the kids can browse.Not only will this help them to learn how to use the internet in a positive way, but it will also build healthier relationships between you and your kid. Internet will be inevitably used by your child as he or she grows. Instead of rejecting its use completely while they are still young, why not use them befittingly and make them aware of what you approve? Studying, researching, school assignments all require google and other search engines. Therefore, showing your child the ways of the internet and how to locate information can be extremely useful for their future.

To what extent would you explain gender differences in terms of gender socialization?

We argon living in the world with gender difference, though the difference is varied from unmatched culture to an other(a). Sociologists lots explain gender difference in terms of the Nature and the Nurture Explanation. Nature Versus Nurture Explanation also called the Genetic versus environ handstal Controversy, questions if the difference in behavior of male and feminine is due to their genetic science (Nature) or their environment or authoritys of upbringing (Nurture). Some phenomenon of gender stereotypes is demote explained by the Nature Explanation objet dart almost of them can be explained well by the Nurture Explanation. Though genetics do play a use of goods and services in separating the actions and behaviors of males and females, it is only to a sealed extent most differences between the sexes be based on differential societalization of men and women.In this essay, it explains a little about the Nature Explanation nevertheless focus on the Nurture Explanatio n. It attempts to give validity to the nurture side by screening evidences that gender roles be a product of gender enculturation. Firstly, it gives concrete examples of socialization in our daily stops. Then, the causes of gender difference and gender roles stereotypes will be examined by the Social Learning Theory and Cognitive Development Theory. At the end, the criticism of socialization and the recent change in socialization will also be stated.The Nature ExplanationThe Nature Explanation was proposed by Steven Goldbery. He argued that anthropological record shows that all human societies past and present prolong been patriarchies, that is, societies in which men dominate women. The majority of top positions and highest statuses are occupied by men rather than by women. Thus, Goldbery concluded that men are born with dominance. (Haralambos, 1995) Therefore, Biology, and hence genetics and hormones, serves as the answer to account for and give rise to masculinity1 and femini nity2, for instance, men are to a greater extent than aggressive and competitive than female.The Nurture Explanation Gender assimilation Is The referSociologists have also tried to open the door to the Nurture Explanation and prove that gender differences are the product of culture. Gender Socialization is one important field of the Nurture Explanation. Under the effect of socialization, male and female smash different personalities, aspirations and role chance or even achievements in the society.1) Examples of Gender Differences low SocializationSocialization is a gender-role model tried to specify the ways in which males and females are interact to be what is considered masculine and feminine in a particular culture. (Abbott, 1992). Sociologists claim that we are under the effect of socialization through our life cycle. Some examples are given as follows1.1 Infant Socialization solution of Parents UpbringingCertainly, it is knockout to distinguish between a male chil d baby and girl baby, apart by observing their difference in biological features. When they are being brought up, they have been unconsciously under the effect of gender socialization. It is believed that parents have great influences in extending the effects of socialization in the process of nurturing their children. For instance, boys are dressed to the nines(p) in blue and girls in pink girls wear dresses with hearts or flowers while boys wear super hero pajamas.1.1.1 Toys and GamesThe parents choice on toys for their children also reveals socialization. As children get older, parents reinforce gender roles by encouraging activities and choosing toys that are gender-specific. (Bryant & Check, 2000) Girls play with Barbies dolls and kitchen sets while boys with Legos, trucks and motor cars. Toys for boys tend to encourage their exploration, manipulation, invention, construction, competition and aggression whereas girls toys typically ordain high on creativity, nurturance, and a ttractiveness. (Renzetti & Curran, 1998) Moreover, Parents, peculiarly stupefys, tend to engage in rougher and more physical play with sons. Moreover, even for story books and cartoons, men are always typically rewarded for being smart and brave heroes like Supermen and Spidermen Girls are unremarkably princess with good look and being gentle, warm and kind hearted. (Renzetti & Curran, 1998)1.1.2 Emotional Expression and AltitudesTthe parents socialize the boys by encouraging them from a very early age to express certain types of emotions but not others, like fearfulness. Research in 1974 and again in 1995 showed that parents, especially fathers, describe newborn girls as softer, finer-featured, smaller, weaker, and more delicate than boys. (Bryant & Check, 2000) In addition, they think that it is natural for boys to be ill-mannered and aggressive. They consider it as energetic. Yet girls have to be polite, gentle and quiet. All these observed behaviors are obviously not because of genetics and are not preceded when they were babies, it is the parents who think their sons should behave in these ways, and therefore they continue them in such a way that elicits these behaviors and altitudes.1,2 Socialization of School EducationSchools reinforce traditional gender roles in many another(prenominal) ways. Boys are socialized to be more analytical, critical and scientific-minded. This accounts for the fact that boys dominate in Science subjects like Engineering, Computer Programming and Pure Sciences. Girls are socialized to be good at language, so larger proportion of girls study in Business Administration, Literature and Fine Arts. Concerning other special subjects in secondary schools, Woodwork is only functional for boys whereas Home Economics is for girls only. This also creates a gender stereotypes that men must deal with heavy works but women must be learnt to do housework.1.3 Socialization of Mass Media AdvertisementsAdvertisements not only sell produ cts, but they also sell gender stereotypes. The models and photos appeared in the advertisements in newspaper and magazines are also carefully elect to display cultural understandings about differences between male and female (Richardson, 1988) Women are chosen for selling household products and cosmetics while men selling luxurious cars, peregrine phones and high technology products. Sometimes, Many advertisements even promote the product being user-friendly by saying that Even housewives know how to use it They unconsciously take on a message to the public that women are intelligently inferior to men.To conclude, we have been consciously and unconsciously socialized in many aspects in our daily lives. Eventually, men develop masculinity self reliant, independent, assertive, forceful and analytical women develop femininity affectionate, sympathetic, sensitive to others need, understanding, compassionate, emotional, warm and tender.2) Social Learning Theory and Gender Role Stereot ypes both theories have been put forward to explain gender socialization as well. They are the Social Learning Theory and the Cognitive Development.1) Social Learning possiblenessMischel, Bandura and Walters have developed a scheme of learning sexual identity kn protest as Social Learning Theory. It is a behaviorlist theory that relies on funding of the environment of the society and modeling explanations of behavior (Coltrane, 2001). Initially, there are few physiological or behavioral differences between males and females at birth. However, as boys and girls are do by differently and put into different learning environments by their parents, they learn the behaviours of both sexes by means of their observations. They are more likely to imitate the behaviors of his or her own sex. Eventually, they develop different needs, wants, desires, skills and temperaments and eventually give rise to masculine and feminine direction to the emotions and behaviours of men and women.Gender ro les are defined entirely social created expected value of masculine and feminine behaviour initiated and perpetuated by the institutions and values of a society (Abbott, 1992), that is, by Socialization. Gender roles usually contain certain general characteristics. These characteristics includei) The expectation of certain personality traits.ii) Social rolesiii) Social positions and occupationsIn this section, it will focus on how social learning brings out gender difference in social roles and occupations.2.1 Social learning in Social RolesDue to the traditional family structure which has been deep-rooted in peoples mind, men always take up the role of fathers and breadwinners while women are mothers and housewives. As a result, men are socialized to be assertive, independent and strong so that they can be the pillar of the family. On the other hand, women are socialized to be gentle, warm, tender, sensitive and dependent to fulfill her jobs of taking care of their husbands as wel l as nurturing their children.At the same time, since parents serve as the primary models for their young children, children learn from their parents by seeing what their parents do. Thus, socialization continues to exert its effect through generations. If the mother always does all the cooking, the implication to their children is that this is womens work if the father is always the one to climb on the roof and repair electrical appliances children soon learn that this is mens job. (Abbott, 1992) Boys and girls thus imitate their fathers and mothers respectively by acquiring the same kind of skills and developing same personality traits. Research has found out that daughters directly internalize their mothers attitudes because they perceive these attitudes to be realized in the drill of their mothers daily life. (Carine, 1998). The internalization of altitude of girls is stronger than that of boys as fathers have high chance to go out for work and lowers the chances for their boys to imitate.In addition, parents may consciously or unconsciously have special expectations of their boys and girls and attempt to t each(prenominal) a child appropriate gender role behaviour. Research shows that the more traditional the gender role attitudes of a mother, the stronger her tendency to emphasize a daughters conformity, and the more traditional her daughters attitudes appear to be a mothers conformist orientation substantially contributed to the extent in which daughters develop a more traditional view on gender roles. (Carine, 1998)2,2 Gender Role Stereotypes in OccupationGender is often attached to different social positions and occupations in several ways. This results in gender inequality in work (Haralambos, 1995)According to the Human Capital Explanation, Women are less committed to paid employment as women are generally not considered as human capital3 by most employers. Employers believe that women, who has been socialized to be home-centred, marriage-centred and child-centre, are less committed to their work. Thus, they are often employed in the secondary labour market with lower pay, job security and promotion prospects.On the other hand, there are expected roles of men and women at work. For instance, in cultures of many countries, women are usually considered at jobs as nurses, social workers, flight attendants, domestic workers, etc because these jobs involve nurturing and sensitivity that are associated with femininity. (Abbott, 1992) by coincidence, most of the jobs associated with women rank lower in the society, thus people claim that women are being discriminated by taking up lower directs of the occupational hierarchy. For men, they are usually considered better engineers, politicians, bureaucrats as they are socialized to be more logical, rational, independent and capable. As a result, they are likely to take up professional roles in the society. Needless to say, for jobs that require excellent physical institution, like the Police Force and fire fighters, men always dominate. Women, even with take toed levels of physical institution and qualifications, are less welcomed, because female have been portrayed as the weaker sex.3) Cognitive Development TheoryA Cognitive Developmental Theory, advocated by Kohlbery, posits that children learn gender and gender stereotypes through their mental efforts to organize their social world. Kohlbery claimed that men and women are different and these differences constitute a central organizing principle of social life. The process is called gender polarization. The theory also views gender acquisition as a self-fulfilling prophecy. Children are active agents employing cognitive processes in understand the society and the world. Initially children understand their world by sorting objects and people into categories, one of the example is to organize information on the basis of gender categories. Children interpret and learn about gender stereotype and how to do gender in culturally appropriate ways in thinking and behaving. It is because as they gradually grow up, they understand that gender stereotype is central to the way the society is organized. (Coltrane. 2001)At the very early stage, a baby is not concerned with his or her gender identity. As the child gets older, he or she begins to develop an identity for him- or her-self and establishs a personality that reflects their masculinity or femininity. For example, boy and girl babies usually play with each other when they are very young, but they choose to play with other kids of the same sex starting form their Oedipal period (beyond age 3). Also, Boys are raised up by their mothers and they used to be under the clutches of their mothers. However, they want to be with their dad when they gradually grow up. They refuse to go shopping with their mothers anymore because they think that it is not something that a boy should do, according to their understanding about gender stereotype. If they pl ay with children of the opposite sex, they are likely to be teased by their peers if they act in such ways that do not match with their own sex, like boys wearing dresses and girls being aggressive and fighting with boys, their behavior will be considered as deviance and may even be condemned by the society.To conclude, in order to be considered as competent members of the society, men and must learn how to fit in appropriately as gender individuals. This is how cognitive development brings out gender differences. animadversion of SocializationSocialization is the evil for the rise of gender roles stereotypes, which may cause gender inequalities and many problems in the society.Throughout the history, all human societies have been patriarchies and androcentristic, that is, male are superior to female and male experience is the normative standard (Coltrane, 2001) Girls seem to accept a negative stereotype of their abilities. Research studies showed that even girls get better grades i n the college than the boys do, they are less likely to believe that they can be more successful in a career (Abbott, 1992). Job segregation and alienation caused by gender role stereotypes greatly narrow the field of career that each sex can choose. Both men and women may be prevented form choosing certain careers that are considered as not suitable for their sex Women find it difficult to be fire fighters and join and Police Force. Similarly, mens chances to be secretaries, nurses and flight attendants are much reduced even they are ambitious to do so. Therefore, socialization is to blame for limiting the potential development for both sexes. Regrettably, because of socialization, employment somehow counts on sex, but not ability.Men and women have been socialized to perform certain gender specific roles. These roles have been changing in the society at a relatively rapid pace, but the traditional value of gender role stereotypes is changing at the same rate. One vivid example is that women nowadays may earn more than their husbands do and provide for the families whereas men are forced to take up the role of doing housework and rearing children. Thus, negative consequences arise from resistance to these role changes. This imbalance of role and value change has large implications for the approaching of the stability of the family. The difficulty our society has with accepting these changing roles can cause strain between spouses which can ultimately lead to an increase divorce rate.worsened still, if the accepted traits of stereotypes do not match with a persons real inclination or characteristics, this could causes stress and leads to low self-esteem of both sexes for being unable to live up to an ideal masculinity and femininity. (Reiter, 1980) High degrees of competitiveness may lead to stress and violence in men passivity and dependence may kick the bucket women unable to support themselves in a crisis. In more serious case, the problem can be fatal M en have long been socialized to be strong and independent. The pressure to conform to traditional roles limits the emotional expression by men and hinders them from seeking assistance even when they encounter high level of psychological stress. This can explain the increased suicidal rate of men in recent decades.Changing Gender Role of StereotypesHowever, as mentioned before, socialization occurs in different ways according to the time and the particular culture. When time changes, there are also changes in the forms of socialization.Firstly, there is an obvious change in recitation of the labour force. Women are getting more education and this makes the working opportunities to them more attractive. They can become professional like lawyers, doctors, accountant, engineer, etc. Today, many important brass positions and even principal officers in Hong Kong have been taken up by women. For example, the former Chief Secretary for Administration, Mrs. Anson Chan, the former Secretary for Security, Mrs. Regina Ip and the Secretary for Justice, Ms. Elsie Leung are influential political figures in the society.Secondly, as women begin to marry later and are more likely to stay in the labour force longer, more employers are more confident and willing to employ female in the primary labour market which gives them higher income and promotion prospects. Lastly, because of the economic downturn, there is an increased participation in the work force. All these train women to be as competitive and capable as men in order to survive. Women are no longer expected to take up occupations at the lower level of the occupational hierarchy.In addition, there is also a slight change in the gender role in the family Mothers have increasing power in the family, no matter in terms of finance and administration. Fathers are no longer as the only breed winner while mothers also contribute to the finance of the family. Similarly, housework is not considered as womens work anymore, but i t is concern shared by both fathers and mothers. Besides, mothers have a say at home on all matters and involves in important decision making.Conclusion work stoppage A Good BalanceTo conclude, many daily examples have proved that socialization is the evil for most cases of gender difference. It portrays the expected image of male and female in one culture and also restrict their thinking, behaviour and lives in a number of ways. As given in the previous paragraph Criticism of Socialization, many problems may arise when stereotypes are seen as ideals for behaviour which makes people follow blindly. It seems that socialization is an inevitable evil deep rooted in our norms and values. Thus, it is important to strike a balance we can live under the effect of socialization but we should avoid serious gender stereotypes. Only by doing so, we can build up a healthy society where gender differences and inequality can be minimized.

Essay : Witness (Film by Peter Weir) Essay

The film, Witness, deals with characters in conflict with the world around them. Discuss the methods Weir determinations to convey this idea of conflict.In Peter Weirs film, Witness, several characters source into conflict with their environment. This is evident through the use of various techniques such as symbol, camera angle, and imagery. Samuels protective life as a child in the Amish community is corrupted when he comes into contact with crime and the city and experiences a loss of innocence. By contrast, can Book faces many obstacles when he leaves his life in the city for that of the sheltered life of the Amish and suffers turmoil when he falls in love with Rachel, who comes from a world in which he ratnot belong. Similarly, the corrupt policemen, McFee, Schaeffer and Fergie find obstacles when they disgrace the world of the Amish, looking for Book.When Samuel is brought into Philadelphia it quickly becomes obvious that he is in conflict with the environment around him an d we witness his loss of innocence at the railway station. Weir uses run short and camera angle as a method of showing Samuels confusion. From low angle shots, viewers can identify with Samuels perspective and can appreciate his confusion, noting that all the child can expect is people from their midriff down, walking past in all directions. Weir also portrays Samuels confusion by having many people talking at once, thus creating contrast between the buzz of a city and the peacefulness of his home. The director uses cinematography well in this scene. Samuels conflict is evident when he is confronted with a huge statue. The camera slowly tilts upwards from a low angle until he can cypher right to the top he is viewly not used to seeing something of this size. Aside from creating a vulnerability in Samuel, this contrast in size reveals his foreignness with his surroundings, evident by the expression of awe on his face of wide-eyed innocence.The next shot is a birds-eye view from the top of the statue, it shows Samuel, who is dressed differently to the rest of the crowd, standing still, in sharp contrast to the constantly moving bustling city crowd. The look on Samuels face when he thinks he sees one of his own people is that of excitement and comfort and his disappointment is evident when, after running up to this man, he discovers that he is not an Amish, but an Orthodox Jew. His mother is aw atomic number 18 of the dangers of thisstrange world and is keeping her eye on Samuel until he wants to visit the toilet. When Samuel walks into the mens toilets, the man washing his hands (who is later on murdered in front of Samuel) turns around and gives the boy a friendly smile. He then walks into a cubicle. As this happens deuce men walk into the bathroom, McFee and Fergie.Mcfee nods to his accomplice then puts a bag over the head of the man washing his hands. The next few shots splice between Samuels eye peering out of the cubiform in utter horror and the mu rderers slashing this mans throat. This intricate camera work stresses the fact that Samuel is watching and his shock reinforces the meeting in the two culturesthe violent city versus the pacifist ways of his Amish community. It is in this scene that Samuels life is changed forever, as he witnesses this mans bloodthirsty murder. Viewers no longer witness an innocent child, but a boy using all his wit in his fight to survive.The scene where Rachel returns the hidden flatulence to Book, presents the clash of these two cultures, through the use of images and film techniques. We first witness Rachel with her back to the camera, at medium range, washing dishesa true domestic scene. She turns as John Book enters and laughs. Viewers are then shown just how out-of-place Book is in her community, evident when we see him in her dead husbands Amish clothes that are far too small for him (a symbol that he cannot fit into Rachels world, and in particular, as her husband). The camera reveals hi s embarrassment as it tilts to his bare ankles and then we see and hear Rachel laughing, but trying not to in empathy for Book. When Book asks for his gun, the laughter on her face vanishes..The composition of this frame shows John looking ridiculous in clothes that are far too small for him, in contrast to the juxtaposition of Rachel looking very comfortable and laughing at how he looks. This is disunite right down the middle by a doorframe, which also show Johns conflict with the Amish community. Next John asks for his gun because he inescapably it to go to the town. Her facial statement goes absolutely dead serious and she gets it from the cupboard. She picks up the gun by the handle with her index finger and thumb with the rest of the gun dangling below.Once she handed the gun to him, he asks for the bullets that Rachel has forgotten, which she gets out of the flower jar that she has kept them in. Her change in facial statement shows her conflict to guns and the use ofguns. He r intriguing way of holding the gun displays that she thinks of them as dirty and forgetting the bullets shows her lack of knowledge about guns. Altogether this is a very uncomfortable scene toped dispatch by leaving the bullets in the flower, flower being a symbol of life and bullets being a symbol of death.When McFee comes to get John it is very clear that he is in contrast with his surroundings through script, sound effects, character costume and cinematography. Narcotics agent McFee tries to cut off John Book by exhalation around the back of the barn and as he does this, he steps right into a pile of muck. His curses are in sharp contrast to the pacifistic ways of the Amish. McFee is wearing a very smart suit, carefully picked to contrast to the Amishs simple clothes. This difference is exaggerated when he steps in the dung showing just how out of place he is.

Reducing The Number Of People Living In Absolute Poverty

Absolute meagerness measures the number of people reinforcement below a certain income threshold or the number of households un equal to(p) to expend certain basic goods and services. Much of the poverty in developing countries, such as south-central Africa, tends to be controlling poverty. Economic growth faeces be defined as steady growth in the productive capacity of the economy.Short precondition growth is measured by the annual percentage change in real national output, which is affected by shifts in short run aggregate supply curve (SRAS), whilst long term growth is shown by the increase in potential growth rear is illustrated by an outward shift in a countrys long run aggregate supply curve (LRAS). Whilst a swipe in real GDP can lift millions of people out of absolute poverty, a reduction in the number of people living in absolute poverty can help to achieve frugal development. In order to sign on the number of people living in absolute poverty, they would eat up t o get jobs in order to gain a living.This means that people would have more disposable income, thus increase consumption which is a factor of aggregate demand and would in that respectfore shift the aggregate demand curve to the right, causing economic development. This would also mean that the government would also have more m acey which can be used to authorise in education and train or other forms of spending. A lack of education and prepare is what keeps people in absolute poverty as it prevents them from getting jobs and moving up, however, if education and training were to increase, more people would be getting jobs, thus increasing real GDP whilst guideing in economic growth.Furthermore, government spending is also a function of the aggregate demand formula and therefore an increase in that would result in an increase in aggregate demand, thus causing an outward shift in the SRAS whig would eventually result in economic development. gold and diamond be the major expor ts from South Africa although agricultural products are also exported. If the government were to spend their money on training in mining, those who were living in absolute poverty could get jobs as miners and not yet wouldthis increase the real GDP of South Africa, but it would also increase exports which is another component on aggregate demand, thus again resulting in economic development. South Africa has debts similar to many other developing countries which are burdened with international debt which they cannot brook to pay and which acts as a constraint to economic development. However, if there was a reduction in the number of people living in absolute poverty in South Africa, the government would have more money to repay their debts.Poor infrastructure make it difficult for a country to attract foreign and home(prenominal) investment thus providing a constraint on long term growth potential. The government could also invest the money which would have originally deceased towards those in absolute poverty in infrastructure and healthcare. Better healthcare would mean that South Africa would have a more reliable workforce and an feeler in infrastructure would mean that workers would be getting to work on time and it would be easier to travel.These are qualities which attract foreign and domestic investment this would result in more jobs available, thus increasing employment as well as the real GDP of South Africa. Corruption and poor governance is one of the causes of absolute poverty, however, it is also a significant factor for a constraint on economic growth. High levels of deeply embedded corruption and bureaucratic delays can harm growth in many ways for example inhibiting inward investment and also making it more likely that domestic businesses will invest overseas rather than at home.Governments need a stable and effective legal framework to collect taxes to pay for public services. However, in order to reduce the number of people living in ab solute poverty, corruption would have be to decreased, thus resulting in economic development. Many poor countries have governments which are not democratically elected. Countries such as South Africa tend to spend money raised through taxation unwisely leading to government sorrow and thus find it difficult to attract FDI. However, a correction in corruption and poor governance would mean that South Africa may be able attract FDI, thus increasing the real GDP and resulting ineconomic development. South Africa is a first-sector economy, which produces gold and agricultural goods and is therefore primarily product dependent. Primary product dependance is a constraint on economic development. The dependency makes South Africa very vulnerable in the event of natural disasters. Furthermore, downward price fluctuations caused by qualify rate movements or variable harvests can have a devastating impact due to the low price elasticity of demand for primary products.Moreover, the Prebis ch-Singer assumption claims that countries that specialise in primary products, such as South Africa, face declining terms of trade within time. This is because prices of primary products have declined over the long term due to increases in productivity in agriculture and less demand for other commodities. In addition, as the country gets richer over time dmand for secondary and 3rd products increases whilst demand for primary prices rises by only a little due to its low income elasticity of demand.As a result, prices of manufactured goods and services rise relative to prices of primary products. This means that the country which is specialising in primary products experience declining terms of trade as the income they receive from their exports buys fewer imports over time. However, investment in education and training as well as FDI in South Africa would mean that it would not be such a subsistence economy. Many sub-Saharan economies, such as South Africa, are severely affected by droughts followed by flooding, making it difficult to establish any industry and attract any foreign direct investment.However, if there is a decrease in the number of people who need aid and contain, the money raised by charities and the money the government originally used to support those in absolute poverty could instead by used fix any damages caused by bad weather conditions which means that not only would the country come across as more appealing to FDIs, it would be easier to go crops, thus increasing exports and therefore leading to economic development as this results in an outward shift in the aggregate demand curve.To conclude, all the factors above depend on the number of people who are no seven-day in absolute poverty the less people in absolute poverty in a country, the more economically developed the country is overtaking to be and therefore it depends on the magnitude. Economic development is an increase in living standards which could be measured by an increa se in income per capita, life foretaste and access to education and healthcare.Despite it being difficult to say whether a reduction in the number of people in absolute poverty would lead to economic growth because it is unknown whether that means that they would immediately get a job, thus increasing GDP, resulting in economic growth, it is safe to say it would lead to a rise in economic development as their living standards would increase as they are no longer living in absolute poverty and can therefore afford necessities.

Renminbi Case

662, Case 3 1. Do you think the Renminbi is overvalued against the US Dollar? 2. Why does the Chinese government want to hold the line its currency at an artificially low level against the US Dollar? What is the risk for china? For the US? 3. What would be the consequences of a 20% revaluation (increase in the value of the Renminbi) for China, western countries, Japan, and developing countries? How would it impact workers, exporters, and importers in China? Various studies aim suggested that the RMB is undervalued, with recent estimates ranging from 15-50 percent.The greatest beneficiary from a gradual RMB revaluation, accompanied by measures to stimulate demand, will be China itself. Its gain is likely to be more balanced and resilient, and that will have a positive spillover on the watch of the world, including by reducing currency and trade tensions. RMB revaluation causes a loss to consumers outside China since they will confront higher prices of goods imported from China. T hese losses have to be offset against those of producers who will gain agonisticalness.Moreover, Chinas trading partners are more likely to gain from RMB revaluation if it comes with measures that accelerate Chinas domestic demand relative to its GDP. Indeed, without those measures, the effect of RMB revaluation on Chinas current account surplus is likely to be marginal or even to widen it. In the very long run, a revaluation of the RMB could help commodity-exporters to diversify into basic manufacturers. However, over the next few years, RMB revaluation is tall(a) to affect these countries exports significantly because the prices of their commodity exports are determined in global markets (and denominated in dollars).However, the dollar prices of Chinas exports to those countries are likely to rise, reflecting small mesh margins in those sectors and the fact that China, as the biggest exporter of those goods, is the price-setter. Some middle-income manufacturing exporters runnin g a trade surplus with China will benefit, too. Other middle-income exporters that import a lot from China could be net losers from the hike in Chinas export prices in the short term, but gain as their export volumes expand at Chinas expense.Low-income commodity exporters will generally be net losers from RMB revaluation alone and will only benefit if Chinas growth accelerates because of accompanying measures taken by the Chinese authorities. Some high-income countries, such as Germany and Japan, which have an initial small trade deficit with China, may lose or gain a little from RMB revaluation alone. However, countries such as Italy and the United Stateswhose initial trade deficits with China are large and whose exports are not competitive with Chinaswill very likely lose, and their lower-income consumers will suffer most as the price of Chinese goods rises.This conclusion does not imply a judgment that a large bilateral trade deficit in Italy and the United States with China is g ood or bad. It only implies that RMB revaluation is not the representation to fix the deficit problem. Instead, increasing national savings rates in Italy and the United States, and increasing consumption in China would be more effective. addicted Chinas high dependence on price-sensitive exports, a large one-time RMB revaluation may carry unacceptable risks to its growth and stability. In the event of a sharp slowdown in China, those countries that are likely to lose from RMB revaluation anyway, starting with the United States.

Voice and Language in Their Eyes Were Watching God

Voice and Language in Their Eyes Were observation perfection Oprisor Maria 1st year Ameri mass Studies Voice and Language in Their Eyes Were Watching God In this paper I would want to sort on point of view and some aspects of stylistics in Zora Hurstons work Their Eyes Were Watching God. In particular, I will ad fructify the issue of narrative voice, the shifts between starting person and third person, and I will also include in my analysis some aspects related to types of language variety and style variation.I have chosen this text because gener tout ensembley it is considered Zora Neale Hurstons most important piece of fiction, and because it is a proof of her ability to master language and voice. To illustrate my analysis I have selected some fragments which can be found at the end of the paper. I will make references to them whe neer is necessary. The novel presents, in a combination of beginning and third person narration the story of Jamie Crawford and her three successive husbands. At several points in the text, Janie Crawford is prohibited from spill the beansing, while at other points she chooses not to speak.Silence, then, is sometimes used as a tool of oppression and at other times as a tool of power. Even from the beginning of the novel it can be easily noticed the shifting narration the viewpoint has moved from both men to men to women to a woman all these under the pattern of gossip of the front porch (see quote 1). While the earliest feminist interpretations put forward the idea that Janie achieves selfhood by claiming her voice, Barbara Johnson asserts that it is by accepting the inevitability of self-division that Janie gains the power of speech.She shows how Janies discovery that she had an at heart and an outside now and suddenly she knew how not to mix them(Johnson 50) has implications for Janies ability to speak. T here are two paragraphs that highlight this aspect of inside and outside in Their Eyes Were Watching God (see quote 2) . It can be noticed the mountain chain of Jody as an insider and in the second quote her render but this time as an outsider. Now she realizes that looking at it she proverb that it never was the flesh and blood figure of her dreams.This proves that the inside and outside are never the same. When reading the novel the reader is introduced into a world where perspective and voice are in a permanent shift but it does not defecate the impression of unreliable narrators. The view point is controlled through a linguistic indicator of viewpoint, namely deixis. This is proved by adverbials of place homogeneous in that location and verbs like come. (see quote 2). Moreover through the novel we can mention the presence of social deixis_ Mr. and Mrs. _Turner or _Mrs. _Bogle Mrs.Bogle who was many times a grandmother, but had a redden air of coquetry about her that cloaked her sunken cheeks. (p. 230) When speaking about types of language variety we certainly can include dialect when anal yzing Their Eyes Were Watching God. Zora Hurston manages, with great literary craftsmanship, to represent not only the speech and thought of her protagonist but also of the collective black community. She succeeds in doing this through put out indirect speech. In the novels frame tale, Janie returns to Eatonville after a long absence.Townspeople sit on porches exchanging words full of drama and metaphor. In this context it is to be mentioned that phonetic changes as well as morphological changes exist at the level of the language. (see quote 3) Through all novel at that place are wonderful examples of dialogues that show literary craftsmanship of the twentieth-century Southern black vernacular speech. In terms of style variation, this is obvious at almost every page. It is easily detectable the Systematic variation from one identifiable kind of language to another within the same text(Short1996)/ (see quote 3).All these demonstrate, without error, the focus in which Zora Neale Hu rston masters language and voice in Their Eyes Were Watching God. Hurstons great accomplishment is the creation of a literary language equivalent to the spoken performances she admired as a child and studied as an ethnographer. Vernacular voices speak in and through the novel and the novels words walk without masters. Their Eyes is a singular form achievement. Quote 1 Ships at a distance have every mans wish on board. For some they come in with the tide.For others they poll forever on the horizon, never out of sight, never landing until the Watcher turns his eyes away in resignation, his drams mocked to death by Time. That is the life of men. Now, women forget all those things they dont want to remember, and remember everything they dont want to forgetSo the beginning of this was a woman, and she had come back from burying a dead(p. 175) Quote 2 So gradually, she pressed her teeth together and learned how to hush. The spirit of the marriage left the bedroom and took to living i n the parlor.It was there to shake hands whenever company came to visit, but it never went back inside the bedroom again. So she put something in there to represent the spirit like a Virgin Mary image in a church. The bed was no longer a daisy-field for her and Joe to play in. It was a place where she went and laid land when she was sleepy and tired. (p. 232) Janie stood where he left for unmeasured time and thought. She stood there until something fell off the shelf inside her. Then she went inside there to see what it was.It was her image of Jody tumbled down and shattered. But looking at it she saw that it never was the flesh and blood figure of her dreams. Just something she had grabbed up to drape her dreams over. In a way she turned her back upon the image where it lay and looked further. She had no more blossomy openings dusting pollen over her man, neither any glistening late fruit where the petals used to be. She found that she had a host of thoughts she had never expre ssed to him, and numerous emotions she had never let Jody know about.Things packed up and put away in parts of her heart where he could never find them. She was saving up feelings for some man she had never seen. She had an inside and an outside now and suddenly she knew how not to mix them. In the first paragraph the marriage moves outward from the bedroom to the parlor, replacing itself with the image of virginity. The second paragraph represents her image of Jody, but an image of an outsider. Know she realizes that looking at it she saw that it never was the flesh and blood figure of her dreams.Both paragraphs are an externalization of Janies feelings onto the outer surroundings. In figurative language, Barbara Johnson observes, inside and outside are never the same and she asserts that Far from being an expression of Janie s new wholeness or identity as a character, Janies increasing ability to speak grows out of her ability not to mix inside with outside. (p. 233) Quote 3 See ing the woman as she was made them remember the envy they had stored up from other times. So they chewed up the back parts of their minds and swallowed with relish.They made burning statements with questions, and killing tools out of laughs. It was mass cruelty. A mood come alive spoken communication walking without masters walking altogether like harmony in a song. What she doin coming back here in dem overhalls? Cant she find no dress to put on? Wheres dat blue satin dress she left here in? Where all dat money her husband took and died and left her? What dat ole twoscore year ole oman doin wid her hair swingin down her back lak some young gal? Where she left dat young lad of a boy she went off here wid? Thought she was going to marry? Where he left her? What he done wid all her money? Betcha he off wid some gal so young she aint even got no hairs why she dont stay in her class? (p. 175) References Barbara, Johnson, Metaphor, Metonymy, and Voice in Their Eyes Were Watchin g God, in Wall, 2000, ZORA NEALE HURSTONS Their Eyes Were Watching God, tonic York Oxford University Press. Short, M. , 1996, Exploring the Language of Poems, Plays and Prose, London, New York Longman. Zora, N. , Hurston, 2002, Their Eyes Were Watching God, Library of America.

The Internationalization of Amazonia

This stopped the north americans Show of the brazilian Minister of Education in the United States This one deserves to be read, later all is non every day that a brazilian shut the north americans up. During a debate at an university, in USA, the ex-governor of DF, ex minister of precept and current senator CRISTOVAM BUARQUE, was asked what he thought about the internationalization of Amazonia. The young American beginning his question saying that he expected an answer of a humane point of view, not of a brazilian.This was the Cristovam Buarques answer In fact, as a brazilian, I simply would speak against the internationalization of Amazonia. As much as our government dont have the right care of this heritage, its ours. As a humanist, feeling the environmental degradation that threatens the Amazonia, I can look its internationalization, and for everything that has a lot of importance to our humanity as well. If the Amazonia, as a humanity ethics, should be internationalized, all ows also internationalized the oils militia most the world.The oil is as much important for the welfare of the humanity as the Amazonia is for our future. Nevertheless, oils makeers feels on the right to increase or minify the extraction of petroleum, as well as raise its price. The same way, the financial capital of wealthy countries should be internationalized. If Amazonia is a reserve for all the humans, it can not be burned by the get out of its owner, or its country. Burned Amazonia is as serious as unemployment caused by arbitrary decisions of global speculators.We can not let that the financial reserves serves to burn down entire nations according to the whims of speculation. evening before Amazonia, I would like to see the internationalization of all the greathearted museums around the world. The Louvre cant only belong to France. Each museum of the world is guardian of the most beautiful peaces produced by human genius. We cannot let this cultural heritage, as the Am azonia natural heritage, be manipulated and treated by the style of its owner or country.Not long ago, a Japanese millionaire, decided to bury with him a big masters frame. Before it, this frame should have been internationalized. During this meeting, the United Nations are realizing the Millennium Forum, but presidents of several countries had difficulties in attending it by constraints on the U. S. border. Therefore, I think that New York, as headquarters of United Nations, should be internationalized. At least Manhattan should belong to the entire humanity.Such as Paris, Veneza, Roma, Londres, Rio de Janeiro, Brasilia, Recife, each city, with its own beauty, its own history, should belong to the entire world. If the United Sates wants to internationalized Amazonia, due to the risk of letting it in a brazilian hand, lets internationalized all U. S. s nuclear arsenals. Even because they have already proved they are capable to use these weapons, causing destruction thousands of time s bigger than the deplorable burnings done in brazilians forests.I fill-in the idea of internalizing the world forests reserves in exchange for debt. Lets beginning using this debt to guarantee that each child in the world will have the change to eat and go to school. Lets internationalized the children, treating, all of them, regardless the country of their birth, as a heritage who deserves care from the entire world. As a humanist, I agree to defend the internationalization of the world. But, while the world treats me as a brazilian, I will fight for the Amazonia to be ours. Only ours

Engage In Personal Development Essay

1.1 run the duties and responsibilities of throw clip role. As a Teaching Assistant my main responsibility is to create a safe, happy, positive, stimulating and multicultural learning environment in which children can be c atomic number 18d for.My main duties ar listed belowTo shit as an integral member of the team, creating a safe, constructive and stimulating environment for the children. To meet the childrens individual pauperisms, withdraw to their stage and level of development. To be involved in the setting up and clearing away at the start and end of each session as required. To be involved with the planning of activities.To realize literacy and numeracy activities in the naval divisionroom. To foster childrens growth of development and self reliance, and to be involved in childrens activities with a view to supporting and extending these activities appropriately. To ensure that toys and equipment are economizeed, clean and safe to play with or use. To understand an d detainment abreast with the Fire Drill Practise.To attend and take parting in staff and other relevant meetings. To keep a daily register, first aid box and other relevant records as required. To communicate with parents and carers in a positive, constructive manner. To flummox time available on a regular basis to dissertate the solar day to day running of the setting with other members of staff. Observing pupil accomplishment and reporting on observations to the teacher Listening to pupils read, reading to them, and telling them stories.I in like manner touch sensition that as an individual I am able to communicate well with children and adults and actu ally enjoy doing this and hopefully inject a moment of humour into work. Often I am left to decide how or what to do with children as the teacher is tied up doing other things. This means I must use my own initiative and gear up on with the task in hand. I am able to do this without aproblem. I ex acerate I must ee r be busy and if this means straightening the books in the book corner or sharpening pencils then this is what I do. I am aware I am anticipate to follow all the schools policies and procedures and so I fork up a copy of them all and afford read them all. An important constitution is of course confidentiality. E precisething that happens in the school must remain thither I am not to discuss children school records and sufferground with any outsiders. I am a good listener too and relish I flip a sympathetic nature however I also realise I need to be firm but fair. Boundaries are important to children and must be made clear.1.2 explain expectation about own work role as expresses in relevant standards.Each work role has its own set of standards the expectations I was devoted by my class teacher included macrocosm reliable and able to build good relationships with children and parent carers, encouraging play whilst learning, and by having childrens outstrip interests e.g. p hysical activities, outings, this would help them to enjoy their growth in knowledge and assist in enhancing their development as a whole. Also I was expected to work as a team with other staff members and parent/carers in order to support the children to promote the childrens initial learning so that the children could feel confident and would be able to boost up their self-esteem. I was also expected to supervise the children which meant followers the Child Protection Act and health and safety policy. Children must always be watched closely to retard and reduce the severity of injury to children.Children often challenge their own abilities but are not always able to recognise the risks involved. As a Teaching Assistant I need to supervise children and aim any risks and minimise injury. The National occupational Standards for Teaching Assistant offers guidance on the wider aspects of competent performance. It also forms the basis for the NAPTA (National Association of Profession al Teaching Assistants) Profiles, which many schools now expect their Teaching Assistants to complete. The Support hammer in Schools qualifications at levels 2 and 3 are also based on the National Occupational Standards. Dfe and Ofsted are examples of other models of performance which are accessible to assistants.2.1 Explain the importance of reflective rule in continuously improving the quality of service provided. Reflective practice is one of the tools which can be employ by Early Years Professionals to fulfill their role as change agent, which is at the core of the Early Years Professional Status (CWDC, 2008). By structured reflection on current practice the EYP can identify what change is valuable, worthwhile and improving. As part of our contrast role it is important to throw out reflective practice especially because we work with children/young people and our effectiveness go out have an impact on them and their learning. Reflective practice means thinking about and ev aluating what you do and discussing any changes which could be made. This means focusing on how we interact with colleagues, children and the environment.It means thinking about how we could have done something differently, what we did well, what we could have done better. How we can improve what we have done. It also means reflecting our own values, beliefs and experiences which shape our thoughts and ideas. This will concede us to obtain a clearer picture of our own behaviour and a better mind of our strengths and weaknesses- so that we can learn from our own mistakes and take appropriate future actions. I am always essay to improve the quality of my performance and by using reflective practice it allows me to look objectively at my work and figure out how I can improve on it. Reflective practice allows me to support the children better and better- if I have any concerns about how the session went I can look back and work out what more I could have done. I may have used one res ource and found it useful and then choose it again with another child. It helps to have something to aim for, it helps with job satisfaction.2.2 Demonstrate the ability to reflect on practice.From experience reflection on my own practice has given me opportunities to improve greatly on the task next time. It doesnt mean that I was wrong to mystify with it honourable means that the good parts of the task can be made even better. It very is about striving to improve on what was done. I am in the fortunate position to have a mentor who is excellent at tweaking my tasks and highlighting how I could improve on them. The first day I worked as a TA I was placed in a Reception class where I was to split children intothree chemical groups. One group went to play in the sandpit, another outside on the tricycles and the last group were sent to paint. All the children were happy and content however the painting group became worldly very quickly. I soon realised I hadnt guided the children in any way. When I suggested painting a family member suddenly their interest came back and they were intent on finishing their family characterization before venturing into the sandpit.I realised on reflection that such young children needed direction and command in order to maintain their attention on something. I should have done this at the initiation but didnt. This is an example of reflective practice from my very first day in a classroom. This is just one example and as a TA I can honestly say that there is more than one example a day which reinforces what an important thing reflective practice is. I fortunately work in a school that are big into reflective practice and so it isnt difficult to approach staff if a method of teaching isnt working well. precise often learning methods need to be tweaked for the individual also.I have often worked with a group who all but one found the task manageable. For that particular child I had to change part of my instruction in order t o help with the way they were able to learn. For example one of my children finds that by wretched about and learning by touching things helps him to understand concepts being taught to him. I recently changed a tally task to suit him whereby I asked him to count chair legs round a table. The others were happy working with units and an abacus. I now realise that I have developed all my learning strategies through reflective practice.2.3 Describe how own values, belief systems and experiences may affect working practice. Reflection can be difficult when your own attitudes and beliefs may differ from others. It is important to not let your own attitudes and beliefs affect your work role and to maintain your professionalism at all times. I have tried to look at what I value and hand and how my own beliefs / experiences could affect the way I work belowBackgroundMy family structure, its culture and origin will differ from others. I have parents, siblings, grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins and friends. I cant imagine life as an and child. My parenting techniques and parenting Ireceived will differ from those around me. I may not agree with how children are punished at home however I am in no way expected to pass judgement to the children.Moral influencesTwo children in the class I assist in are not able to be involved in Christmas activities of any sort due to their religious beliefs. At Christmas they were unable to decorate stars and scram tree decorations or join in with the nativity and Christmas meal. I sat and made different things with them and kept them entertained during rehearsals however I did feel sorry for them as some(prenominal) wanted to join in with their friends. It was important that I didnt show my feelings to them though as this would of been very wrong. Other people may struggle with those who have different diet and lifestyles e.g. veganism, vegetarianism. Marriage, war, immigration and emigration are other areas people may have opin ions on along with trafficking, smacking, smoking, drinking, unemployment and employment.3.1 Evaluate own knowledge, performance and understanding against relevant standards. This is about reflecting on and evaluating honestly my own performance, and dis back ways to improve it through skills development. This requires me to identify my strengths and weaknesses and to try on to find out what information and support is available to help me develop a plan covering my own personal and professional aspirations, and then aim those plans into action.As I mentioned earlier, I monitor my performance regularly to make sure that it is as effective as possible. I luckily get regular and useful feedback on my performance from my class teacher. I usually log where I need to make any improvements so it is clear next time I come to do the task where to make the relevant changes. Recently due to new recommendations the school has needed to change the marking system. We now put a circle not a cros s next to incorrect work. Any changes I need to be aware of for my teaching practice.

Corporate Social Responsibility -Pros and Cons Essay

CSR which stands for corporate social right which is as well known as corporate citizenship, corporate conscience and responsible business. 2.Different organisations carry framed different definitions besides in a nutshell CSR is about how companies manage the business processes to produce an overall positive impact on society. It is like giving back to the society. 3.CSR working would go beyond monetary donations to involvement in existing planning, execution and monitoring of public welfare programmes which has an overall impact to the consumers, workforce and stakeholders. 4.By adopting CSR it enables the corporate sector to get to the twin objective of achieving a measurable positive change in the community and also the post building of the company, boosting the morale of owners, shareholders, employees and customers.5.All leading corporates in India are involved in corporate social responsibility (CSR) programmes in areas like education, health, livelihood creation, skill development, and empowerment of weaker sections of the society. 6.Our company is too busy surviving toilsome times to do this. We cant afford to take our eye off the ball we have to focus on core business. Its the responsibility of the politicians to deal with all this stuff. Its not our utilisation to get involved 7.Notable efforts have come from the Tata Group, Infosys, Bharti Enterprises, ITC Welcome group, Indian Oil Corporation among others. 8.As per the latest news, organisations new companies bill reportedly ask large companies to spend 2 % of their net derive on CSR.The theory is that corporates must aim for social goals not just profits. 9.To summarize CSR is one where its a win- win situation for both company as well as for the society.

Spectroscopy

spectroscopic analysis (stopped flow method)SpectroscopyIt is the analysis of the electromagnetic radiation emitted, absorbed, or scattered by jettyecules. It is lend oneself to analyze materials and to varan changes in concentration in chemical kinetics. Since photons act as messengers from atoms, the atomic spectra drop be used to obtain detailed information about electronic structure and molecules.The energy of a molecule can change because of electronic transitions, and it can make transitions between its rotational and vibrational states. They are more multiform than atomic spectra and can give more information about electronic energy levels and about bonds length, strength, and angels (1).Stopped-flow proficiencyThe solutions are mixed very speedyly and forced from syringes into a mixing chamber designed to fasten that the flow is turbulent and that complete mixing occurs very quickly.Behind the chamber, there is an observation cell fitted with a plunger that moves back as the liquids flood in and comes up against a stop after a certain volume. Filling the chamber corresponds to a sudden creation of an initial sample of the response mixture. The reaction then continues in the thoroughly mixed solution and is monitored spectrophotometrically. After a very short m of the flow, the flow is stopped suddenly when the observation cell is filled by an opposing piston which is colligate to a sensing switch that triggers the measuring device (2).Small volumes of solutions are used, and the kineticequations for modeling the reactions are combining weight to those used inconventional methods in which concentration and time are measured.It is useful to study fast reactions that have half-lives as short as a few milliseconds. It is appropriate for study biochemical reactions, such as studying enzymes. ?Formation of PeroxynitritePeroxynitrite, an inorganic molecule of biological interest, is the product of the combination reaction between nitric oxide (?NO? ) and superoxide (O_2(-))(4).?NO?+ O_2(-) ? ?ONOO?-Increasing sensitivity can potentially allow the reaction to be measured, to be canvas by slowing down the reaction invest through the use of lower concentration of reactants.the govern of the isomerization reaction depends little on the pressure high pressure slows down the rate of reaction(3).With the stopped-flow technique a honor of 6.5 is found at millimolar phosphate concentrations, while at 0.5 M phosphate the value is 7.5The kinetics of annihilation do non follow first-order kinetics when the pH is larger than the pKa.The kinetics of the decay of hydrogen peroxynitrite are not very pressure-dependent from stopped-flow experiments up to 152 MPa the rate of the isomerization reaction depends little on the pressure.MaterialsDeionized water.Buffers, which are saturated with argon immediately before use, from salts and acids.Freshly prepared peroxynitrite.Prepration Peroxynitrite was prepared by a readjustment of biomime tic synthesis of nitrogen monoxide with solid potassium superoxide. In Brief, 30% mol nitrogen monoxide was added to 100% mol solid potassium superoxide that was stirred with sand under argon in a 100-mL Erlenmeyer flask. optical maser Flash Photolysis the following reactions could take place(i) Isomerization cis and trans- peroxynitrite (ii) Photodissociation (iii) Photoionization Reactions 3-6 can be neglected and for spectroscopic reasons reactions 8 and 9 must be abandoned. to a lower place the assumption that we observed the reverseof reaction 7.The global analysis gives a rate uninterrupted of (1.5-2.0) ?10?10 M(-1) S(-1). Conventional second-order analysis at 25 divergent wavelengths and 4 different laser intensities resulted in a value of (1.6 ( 0.2) 1010 M(-1) S(-1).The rate constant for reaction 7 of 1.6 ?10?10 M(-1) S(-1) is higher than those reported by different workers. These rate constants were measured under experimental designs that involve reaction cascades to arrive at the reactants.The rapid one-step production of superoxide and nitrogen monoxide reported herein has the advantage of allowing measurement of the recombination rate not complicated by other processes.The high rate constant has important consequences for the generation of peroxynitrite in vivo. Under normal in vivo conditions, the concentrations of nitrogen monoxide and superoxide dismutase are on the order of 1 ?10?(-8) and 5 ?10?(-6) M, respectively, whereby superoxide dismutase scavenges 98-99% of all superoxide, and consequently very little peroxynitrite is formed.Near an activated macrophage the nitrogen monoxide and superoxide concentrations may be 100 times higher, and the ratio of superoxide reacting with nitrogen monoxide to superoxide reacting with superoxide dismutase becomes 32. While considerations based on homogeneous solution kinetics do not necessarily apply to the inhomogeneous milieu inside or outside a cell, they do indicate that peroxyitrite formatio n is likely.According to the weapon we can represent the rate law asRate = k ?NO?O_2(-)In addition to the find step, a second-order curve was obtained which proves that the overall order of this reaction is 2.

Failure Analysis/Change Strategy Essay

There should alike be a strategy in mind when it comes to businesses in order to prevent disaster. The high society should take aim everything documented all the way from budgeting, goals, employees and other important factors that a business will need in order to succeed. There are two companies that are great examples of a business failure and succeeder. The failure would be smash hit (movie bustal company) and Starbucks (coffee shop). These two companies have been around for years. However, one of the companies failed recently, which is Blockbuster. The objective, resourcefulness and mission for Blockbuster was to provide a great service for families and friends to enjoy the presence of movies as if they were at the theatre. Blockbuster was a company that served the public for many years. Having the ability to rent movies from different years and all categories is what helped the business succeed. The vision was to give individuals the ability to see movies that were no lo nger at the movie theater or on television. The mission was to provide media entertainment. The objective, vision and mission for Starbucks is to provide quality coffee to customers and keep them satisfied. The individuals that work for the company must have an enthusiastic personality to fit the company and keep customers smiling. This has helped them to remain successful on with serving a great beverage. This company also has different franchises all over the world to hit the needs of customers. The indicators from the failure of Blockbuster has a lot to do with structure. There are many companies step up there now that are more convenient when it comes to movie rentals. Individuals are able to order movies online and from the existent cable company. There are also movie stands in front of certain stores and individuals can rent those at ease. This business would not be able to keep up with all the advanced technology. The success from Starbucks would be the quality of leader ship style that the company possess and structure. The structure of the business is set up in many places whichprovides better access for consumers. Any place that a person may go, there is likely to be a Starbucks around to grab a hot cup of coffee. This keeps the company booming and convenience for the customers which keeps them satisfied. This business will to continue to grow with all the different franchises that are also produced.

Does Blowing the Whistle Violate Company Loyalty? Essay

Employees have moral obligations to respect the shoes of the corporation, to abide by employment onmouseover=window.status = goto employmentreturn 1 onmouseout=window.status=employment contracts, and to operate within the bounds of the familiaritys procedural rules. However, the duty of devotion is non absolute. That an employee should be loyal is a prima facie duty. The reject of the employees duty must be deserving if the duty is genuine and overriding rater that prima facie. more of the moral grounds for employee dedication have been destroyed. Yet there are some minimum requirements of loyalty based in law of nature. The whistleblower may feel they face a conflict between loyalty to their organization and loyalty to the public. The fact is that loyalty to an organization stems from an acceptance of its objectives. However if the objectives involve breaking the law it is difficult to see that theres any loyalty obligation. The public interest comes first. The Insider begin s with Lowell Bergman (Al Pacino), a producer for 60 Minutes, searching for and obtaining interviews with important people in newsworthy situations.One day, he receives a box full of technical books onmouseover=window.status = goto booksreturn 1 onmouseout=window.status=books pertaining to the temperature of burning cigarettes and the like. Unable to comprehend anything in the manuals, he asks Jeffrey Wigand (Russell Crowe), head of research at Brown & Williamson, to translate everything. However, Bergman begins to believe Wigand has something more to say. Turns out, Wigand was fired from his melodic phrase for universe a little too vocal on certain issues. Unfortunately, Wigand has signed a confidentiality agreement with B&W that prohibits him from revealing secrets about his old employer. Bergman has to find a way around the confidentiality agreement, or guess Wigands family and future. Ultimately, its Wigands decision does he recite all and go to jail, or does he stay silent and leave Americans in the dark? The rest of the film is propelled by CBS decision not to air the interview, which Bergman fights to the bitter end. CBS apparently has a lucrative merger that could be jeopardized by a causa from Brown & Williamson.Helen Caperelli (Gina Gershon) informs Bergman and Mike Wallace (Christopher Plummer) that they can not air the interview due to the impending suitapparently, B&W can sue CBS for being a third partyin the dissolvement of the confidentiality agreement. After much soul-searching, CBS finally airs the interview. All and all Wigand, himself, is even corrupted by the promise of money tell us what you know, and well pay you. Corporations arent ruled by peoplethey are ruled by money, and very much of it. This may be a depiction of a small time in the United States history, merely its themes can be interpreted for any time. I believe in blowing the whistle isnt a good thing because as you can see in the movie Wigand doomed his family, his job , and he lost a lot of money blowing the whistle.Wigand knew what he was getting him self into or else he would not have taking the job in the first place, I mean come on working(a) for a cigarette company, a person knows cigarettes are bad for you. It is plan and simple he took the job knowing he was going to have to do something relating too cigarettes and he signed papers verbal expression he would protect the company name. There for if he did not like what the job had to offer he should not of taken the job in the first place. Blowing the whistle in my mind, I would not do it if it came to me losing my family, and losing my income I do not think I would be able to do that considering the consequences . This is where I brook in the issue Does Blowing the Whistle Violate Company Loyalty?

The Minimization of Tension (to be decided) Essay

The Minimization of Tension (to be decided) - Essay ExampleHowever, this paper illustrates how tension occurs in the study and how the company and the personnel involved deal with the dilemma of minimizing the tension in the daily business process by adopting various mechanisms to minimize it such as keeping the organizational structure relatively flat, adding female person to its managerial level, and employing emotion management and humor at workplace. These mechanisms are applicable to corporations that are experiencing similar problems because the preceding(prenominal) methods are proven effective in reducing the likelihood and degree of tension at workplace. The industry moves very fast and the market could change at anytime. To cope with this situation and the very large number of work, it is already a common drill for people to stop eating lunch out at the workplace. Instead, they take their lunch to work and eat it while staring at the computer screens. One time, in a br eak of this monotony, James, a vice president in our division was nice enough to necessitate all of us summer analysts for lunch at the cafeteria down stairs. During the lunch, we talked about many aspects of the business practice in our division as well as the recent bad performance of the stock market. In the conversation the ensued, the vice president mentioned, when two stocks are perfectly correlated, if one stock goes down by 25%, the other one will also decrease by 25%. Jonathan, a summer analyst from my team blurted out I dont think thats right, James. In see of all the other five interns, James paused, and then said in a distinct character I am right. Jonathan looked at the other interns and said Well, I guess I am wrong, sir. At this moment, Annie, another intern quickly raised another question and the conversation between the group continued. On the way back to our desk, I whispered to Jonathan Hey, what you were saying is correct He